Relationship between stigma and infertility-related stress among couples undergoing AID: The mediating role of communication patterns.

Infertility can be stressful for infertile couples. This study aims to examine the intra-dyadic associations between stigma, communication patterns, and infertility-related stress in couples undergoing artificial insemination by donor semen (AID). This cross-sectional study was conducted from January to April 2021. Two hundred and three couples undergoing AID were recruited from a reproductive centre in China. All of the couples completed a two-item stigma questionnaire, Communication Pattern Questionnaire, and Fertility Problem Inventory. The actor-partner interdependence mediation analysis was performed using AMOS 23.0. The analysis demonstrated significant actor-actor effects for couples undergoing AID. More specifically, higher levels of stigma among wives and husbands were associated with more negative communication patterns, thereby increasing their own infertility-related stress. Simultaneously, there was a significant partner-actor effect among infertile wives, demonstrating that the husband's stigma can affect his wife's infertility-related stress by influencing her communication patterns. Couples undergoing AID experience increased infertility-related stress when they have high levels of stigma and negative communication patterns, and husbands' stigma is correlated to wives' communication patterns. Therefore, dyadic interventions aiming to improving stigma and enhancing positive communication may be conducive to reducing infertility-related stress.

Surface hardness determination of laser cladding using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and machine learning (PLSR, CNN, ResNet, and DRSN).

In this study, we employed laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) along with machine learning algorithms, which encompass partial least squares regression (PLSR), the deep convolutional neural network (CNN), the deep residual neural network (ResNet), and the deep residual shrinkage neural network (DRSN), to estimate the surface hardness of laser cladding layers. (The layers were produced using Fe316L, FeCrNiCu, Ni25, FeCrNiB, and Fe313 powders, with 45 steel and Q235 serving as substrates.) The research findings indicate that both linear and nonlinear models can effectively fit the relationship between LIBS spectra and surface hardness. Particularly, the model derived from the ResNet exhibits superior performance with an R 2 value as high as 0.9967. We hypothesize that the inclusion of numerous noises in the LIBS spectra contributes to the enhanced predictive capability for surface hardness, thereby leading to the superior performance of the ResNet compared to the DRSN.

Network structure of complex interactions of premenstrual syndrome and influencing factors in young adult women.

BACKGROUND: In the transition phase from adolescence to adulthood, premenstrual syndrome (PMS) occurs more commonly, with a variety of symptoms. The occurrence of PMS may be the result of a combination of demographic, physiological, psychological and sociological factors. This study aimed to identify the central symptoms of PMS, and explored the complex influencing factors especially the one-to-one inter-relationships factors with specific symptoms. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in mainland China. 3458 young adult women were assessed. Using the Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PSS) to assess the PMS, and PSS score was over 6 divided into PMS group, and vice versa. Influencing factors were assessed by a set of self-reported questionnaire. Network analysis was used to examined the interplay of PMS, whilst also considering the influencing factors of PMS. RESULTS: In summary, 1479 participants were in PMS group. Anxiety had the highest strength centrality (1.12/1.09), shown higher centrality in the both network. Swelling of the hands or feet also shown higher strength centrality (0.89) in PMS group. PMS is associated with a higher history of dysmenorrhea, and neurotic personality. Neurotic personality - depressed mood/nervousness (0.27/0.23), history of dysmenorrhea - abdominal distension (0.21), had significantly higher weight than other edges in PMS group. CONCLUSION: Anxiety was the most central symptom in the network, and was closely associated with other symptoms like depressed mood, which provided additional evidence for the centrality of emotional features in PMS. Moreover, the influencing factors of PMS combined demographic, physiological, psychological, and sociological factors. According to the central symptoms and factors affecting the specific PMS symptoms in young adult women, targeted intervention is helpful to prevent and alleviate PMS. LIMITATION: Cross-sectional design cannot infer the directionality of the associations between variables. All data is self-reported with recall bias and the edge weights across the constructs of influencing factors and PMS were fairly small.

Immediate histologic correlation in patients with different HPV genotypes and ages: a single center analysis in China.

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been confirmed as a major causative factor for malignant transformation of cervical epithelial cells and for the development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and invasive cervical cancer. We carried out this study to investigate the association of different HPV genotypes and ages with immediate histological cervical lesions in opportunistic screening patients in a single center. METHODS: A total of 1,661 samples with biopsy-confirmed histologic findings were collected from the gynecological clinic of our hospital between October 2017 and May 2020 for analysis. The distribution of single-type HPV genotypes in CIN of different severities and the age-dependent prevalence for single-type HPV infection were analyzed. RESULTS: In both CIN2 and CIN3 group, HPV16, 58, 52, 33 and 31/18 were detected as top 5 high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) types, which accounts for 89.25% and 88.54% of single HPV infection incidence respectively. Besides, not a single case of HPV45 was found in CIN2 and CIN3. HPV16 was the dominant genotype in both CIN2 and CIN3, accounted for 46.24% and 55.21%, respectively. The prevalence of HPV16 was the most frequent in all the age groups, except ≥ 65 years group in CIN3, and almost one in three HPV16-positive patients were diagnosed with high grade CIN. The peak of the incidence of CIN3 was observed at 25 ~ 34 years (33.68%), followed by 35 ~ 44 years (31.58%). CONCLUSION: High grade CIN peak at 25 ~ 44 years, women of this age are recommended for normative screening if conditions permit. HPV16-positive patients should be given high priority in opportunistic screening, while the single-center data suggesting a low risk of CIN2/3 in HPV45-positive patients. For women ≥ 65 years old, patients infected with other HPV types should be also taken seriously. In general, HPV16, 58, 52, 33, 31 and 18 were the most common genotypes in CIN2/3, and a vaccine including these predominant genotypes might be of great significance for cervical cancer prevention in China.

Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Copenhagen Multi-Centre Psychosocial Infertility-Fertility Problem Stress Scales.

AIMS: The aim of this study is to introduce the Copenhagen Multi-Centre Psychosocial Infertility (COMPI)-Fertility Problem Stress Scales (COMPI-FPSS) into China and test its applicability in Chinese infertile population. BACKGROUND: Infertility-related stress not only influences patients' psychological well-being but is also strongly associated with reduced pregnancy rates and poorer assisted conception outcomes, thus warranting focussed attention. DESIGN: The design used in this study is a cross-sectional survey. METHODS: A total of 418 participants were recruited by convenience sampling from March to July 2022. The data were randomly divided into two parts: one for item analysis and exploratory factor analysis and the other for confirmatory factor analysis and reliability test. The critical ratio and homogeneity test were used to verify the differentiation and homogeneity of the COMPI-FPSS; the construct validity was determined by explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses; Cronbach's α coefficient and Spearman-Brown coefficient were used to assess the reliability; and criterion validity was expressed using correlation coefficients for the Perceived Stress Scale and the Negative Affect Scale as the validity criteria. RESULTS: The revised Chinese version of COMPI-FPSS has 11 items and 2 dimensions (i.e., personal stress domain and social stress domain). Exploratory factor analysis showed that the cumulative variance contribution rate of the two factors was 68.6%, and confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the model fitted well. The score of the COMPI-FPSS was significantly and positively associated with perceived stress and negative affect. The Cronbach's α coefficient of the total scale was 0.905, and the Spearman-Brown coefficient was 0.836, explaining excellent reliability. CONCLUSION: The revised Chinese version of COMPI-FPSS shows good reliability and validity, and it can be used to evaluate the infertility-related stress of infertile patients in China.

Micro 4D Imaging Sensor Using Snapshot Narrowband Imaging Method.

The spectral and depth (SAD) imaging method plays an important role in the field of computer vision. However, accurate depth estimation and spectral image capture from a single image without increasing the volume of the imaging sensor is still an unresolved problem. Our research finds that a snapshot narrow band imaging (SNBI) method can discern wavelength-dependent spectral aberration and simultaneously capture spectral-aberration defocused images for quantitative depth estimation. First, a micro 4D imaging (M4DI) sensor is proposed by integrating a mono-chromatic imaging sensor with a miniaturized narrow-band microarrayed spectral filter mosaic. The appearance and volume of the M4DI sensor are the same as the integrated mono-chromatic imaging sensor. A simple remapping algorithm was developed to separate the raw image into four narrow spectral band images. Then, a depth estimation algorithm is developed to generate 3D data with a dense depth map at every exposure of the M4DI sensor. Compared with existing SAD imaging method, the M4DI sensor has the advantages of simple implementation, low computational burden, and low cost. A proof-of-principle M4DI sensor was applied to sense the depth of objects and to track a tiny targets trajectory. The relative error in the three-dimensional positioning is less than 7% for objects within 1.1 to 2.8 m.

Proinflammatory phenotype in major depressive disorder with adulthood adversity: In line with social signal transduction theory of depression.

BACKGROUND: The social signal transduction theory of depression proposes that life stress can be transformed into inflammatory signals, and ultimately lead to the development of major depressive disorder (MDD). The hypotheses of this study were: (1) The pro-inflammatory effect of life stress was only seen in patients with MDD, but not in healthy controls (HCs); (2) Inflammation can mediate the relationship between life stress and depressive symptoms. METHODS: This study included 170 MDD patients and 196 HCs, and 13 immune-inflammatory biomarkers closely related to MDD were measured, principal component analysis (PCA) was adopted to extract the inflammatory index. Life stress was assessed by Life Event Scale (LES), a total score of >32 points on the LES was considered as adulthood adversity (AA). Path analyses were used to explore the relationship among adulthood stress, inflammatory index, and severity of depression. RESULTS: Among MDD patients, α2M, CXCL-1, IL-1ß, and TLR-1 levels were higher in patients with AA than non-AA group (all FDR-adjusted P values <0.05), meanwhile, the levels of CCL-2 and IL-18 were lower. Path analyses suggested that pro- and anti-inflammatory index could mediate the association between AA and severity of depression in MDD patients. CONCLUSION: This study found that inflammatory signals can mediate the relationship between adulthood adversity and depression, however, the causal relationship need to be further confirmed. These findings shed light on further understanding the theory of social signal transduction in MDD and provide clues for stress management and controlling inflammation strategies in depression. CLINICAL TRIALS: NCT02023567.

Cytological DNA methylation for cervical cancer screening: a validation set.

Background: In a previous training set with a case-controlled design, cutoff values for host EPB41L3 and JAM3 gene methylation were obtained for the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 or more severe lesions (CIN2+). This validation trial was conducted to evaluate the role of DNA methylation in screening for CIN2+ by cervical cytology among unselected participants. Methods: From June 1, 2019, to September 1, 2019, in our study center, we collected liquid-based samples from cervical swabs for methylation assays and hrHPV testing in eligible patients. The primary endpoint was the diagnostic accuracy of DNA methylation and hrHPV genotyping for CIN2+ according to confirmed histology results. Results: Among 307 participants, compared with hrHPV testing, the methylation assay for CIN2+ had lower sensitivity (68.7% versus 86.1%, p=0.002) but higher specificity (96.7% versus 0.696, p<0.001). The methylation assay also had favorable sensitivity and specificity in patients with negative hrHPV testing (56.3% and 96.9%) and in patients with cervical adenocarcinoma (73.7% and 92.7%). DNA methylation had higher specificity than the hrHPV assay (100.0% versus 44.4%, p<0.001) for identifying residual CIN2+ in patients without residual lesions. Positive cervical DNA methylation was associated with a diagnostic probability of endometrial carcinoma (odds ratio 15.5 [95% confidence interval 4.1-58.6]) but not of ovarian epithelial carcinoma (1.4 [0.3-6.5]). Conclusions: The host EPB41L3 and JAM3 gene methylation assay in cervical cytology had favorable diagnostic accuracy for CIN2+ and was highly specific for residual CIN2+ lesions The methylation assay is a promising triage tool in hrHPV+ women, or even an independent tool for cervical cancer screening. The methylation status in cervical cytology could also serve as a prognostic biomarker. Its role in detecting endometrial carcinomas is worthy of further exploration.

An investigation on graphite behavior and coating properties in the molten pool based on different powder particle sizes.

This paper aims to explore the influence mechanism of powder particle sizes on the microstructure and properties of coatings and identify the effect of powder particle size difference on the coating graphite phase. NbC-reinforced Ni-based coatings were in-situ synthesized by laser cladding to investigate the impact of powder particle sizes on the morphology, structure, and properties of coatings. The results indicate that increasing powder particle size enlarges the coating area and decreases the coating width and dilution ratio. Meanwhile, the defect ratio first increases and then decreases. The XRD test suggests that the coating mainly consists of NbC, solid solution (Fe, Ni), B4C, Cr2C, and CrB2. Different powder particle sizes do not change the phase composition of coatings but affect the graphite phase morphology. The morphology transforms from spherical to flocculent as the powder size varies from micrometer to nanometer. The hardness of coatings gradually increases, and the friction and wear properties decrease with the growth of powder particle size. The dispersed graphite phase in the nano coating plays a self-lubricating role in the friction and wear process. This research provides a reference and theoretical basis for selecting powder particle size in laser cladding.

Microstructures and Properties of NbC-Reinforced Ni-Based Coatings Synthesized In Situ by Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Laser Cladding.

This paper aims to explore the mechanism of an ultrasonic applied field on the microstructures and properties of coatings, and clarify the evolution of the molten pool under different ultrasonic frequencies. The Taguchi experimental design method was adopted in this paper. NbC-reinforced Ni-based coatings were in situ synthesized by laser cladding to investigate the effects of ultrasonic vibration process parameters on the microstructure, pore area, microhardness, and wear resistance of the cladding layer. The results show that the pore area decreases first and then increases as ultrasonic power increases from 600 to 900 W and ultrasonic frequency from 23 to 40 kHz. On the contrary, the hardness and wear resistance increase at first and then decrease. The pore area is minimized at 800 W ultrasonic power and 32 kHz ultrasonic frequency, and the hardness is maximized at 600 W ultrasonic power and 40 kHz ultrasonic frequency. Meanwhile, the highest wear resistance can be obtained when ultrasonic power is 700 W and ultrasonic frequency is 32 kHz. Based on the phase structure analysis, the cladding layer mainly consists of FeNi3, NbC, B4C, and CrB2. Ultrasonic vibration will not change the phase composition of the layer. Combined with the varying G/R value and cooling rate, the reasons for the change in grain morphology in different areas were analyzed to reveal the evolution mechanism of the molten pool under the influence of ultrasound.

The Positive Effect of 6-Gingerol on High-Fat Diet and Streptozotocin-Induced Prediabetic Mice: Potential Pathways and Underlying Mechanisms.

The purposes of the present work are to assess how 6-gingerol (6G) positively influences serum glucose regulation in mice with prediabetes triggered by streptozotocin (STZ) plus a high-fat diet (HFD) and to clarify its underlying mechanisms. An analysis of prediabetic symptoms and biochemical characteristics found that 6G intervention was significantly associated with reduced fasting glucose levels, alleviated insulin resistance, better glucose tolerance, hepatic and pancreatic impairment, and dyslipidemia. For the recognition of the target gut microbiota and the pathways linked to 6G's hypoglycemic function, a combination of hepatic RNA and 16S rRNA sequencing was employed. Specifically, 6G significantly improved the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and elevated the relative abundances of Alistipes, Alloprevotella, and Ruminococcus_1. Furthermore, 6G supplementation inhibited gluconeogenesis and stimulated glycolysis by activating the PI3K/AKT axis, which also repressed the oxidative stress through Nrf2/Keap1-axis initiation. In addition, Spearman's correlation analyses reveal a complex interdependency set among the gut microbiota, metabolic variables, and signaling axes. Taken together, the hypoglycemic effect of 6G is partially mediated by altered gut microbiota, as well as by activated Nrf2/Keap1 and PI3K/AKT axes. Thus, 6G may be used as a candidate dietary supplement for relieving prediabetes.

Unveiling a novel clinical risk assessment model for identifying non-suicidal self-injury risks in depressed Chinese adolescents amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: insights from low self-esteem, internet use, and sleep disturbance.

Background: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a highly prevalent behavioral problem among depression adolescent patients that can result in numerous adverse outcomes. This study endeavors to bridge this knowledge gap by creating a comprehensive model that incorporates multiple aspects of NSSI to accurately evaluate its risk in adolescents with depression, thereby enhancing our ability to prevent and address this challenging issue. Method: Using a cross-sectional design, we recruited 302 adolescents with depressive disorders who visited or were hospitalized at Shandong Mental Health Center from December 2021 to June 2022. The participants completed several self-report questionnaires, including the Chinese version of the Internet Addiction Test, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire, the Defeat Scale, the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale and the Children's Depression Inventory. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the diagnostic factors, which were further used to establish clinical risk assessment models. A receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) to identify the best model. An external validating team was introduced to verify the assessing efficiency. Results: Based on a logistic regression analysis, three variables have been identified as significant risk factors. Specifically, adolescents with depression who experience low self-esteem, internet use, or suffer from sleep disturbance face an increased risk of NSSI. An integrated risk index for NSSI exhibits excellent accuracy in identifying depressed adolescents at risk of NSSI (area under the curve = 0.86, sensitivity = 0.88, specificity = 0.69). In the validation cohort, the identification performance remains strong (area under the curve = 0.84, sensitivity = 0.72, specificity = 0.81). Conclusion: This study highlighted the role of self-esteem, internet use and sleep disturbance in the development of NSSI. The risk index diagnosing NSSI onset may help to guide the design and application of novel interventions to minimize this risky behavior in future depressed adolescents.

Evaluation of triage strategies for high-risk human papillomavirus-positive women in cervical cancer screening: A multicenter randomized controlled trial in different resource settings in China.

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different triage strategies for high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV)-positive women in primary healthcare settings in China. Methods: This study was undertaken in 11 rural and 9 urban sites. Women aged 35-64 years old were enrolled. HrHPV-positive women were randomly allocated to liquid-based cytology (LBC), visual inspection with acetic acid and Lugol's iodine (VIA/VILI) (rural only) triage, or directly referred to colposcopy (direct COLP). At 24 months, hrHPV testing, LBC and VIA/VILI were conducted for combined screening. Results: In rural sites, 1,949 hrHPV-positive women were analyzed. A total of 852, 218 and 480 women were randomly assigned to direct COLP, LBC and VIA/VILI. At baseline, colposcopy referral rates of LBC or VIA/VILI triage could be reduced by 70%-80%. LBC (n=3 and n=7) or VIA/VILI (n=8 and n=26) could significantly decrease the number of colposcopies needed to detect one cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 or worse and CIN3+ compared with direct COLP (n=14 and n=23). For the 24-month cumulative detection rate of CIN2+, VIA/VILI triage was 0.50-fold compared with LBC triage and 0.46-fold with the direct COLP. When stratified by age, baseline LBC triage+ performed best (P<0.001), peaking among women aged 35-44 years (Ptrend=0.002). In urban sites, 1,728 women were hrHPV genotyping test positive. A total of 408, 571 and 568 women were randomly assigned to direct COLP for HPV16/18+, direct COLP for other hrHPV subtypes+, and LBC triage for other hrHPV subtypes+. LBC (n=12 and n=31) significantly decreased the number of colposcopies needed to detect one CIN2+ and CIN3+ compared with direct COLP (n=14 and n=44). HPV16/18+ increased the 24-month cumulative detection rate of CIN2+ (17.89%, P<0.001). Conclusions: LBC triage for hrHPV-positive women in rural settings and direct COLP for HPV16/18+ women and LBC triage for other hrHPV subtype+ women in urban settings might be feasible strategies.

Infertility-related stress and quality of life among infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome: Does body mass index matter?

OBJECTIVE: Infertility and obesity are common among women with Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and related to poor quality of life (QoL). Obesity may confer an elevated adverse effect of infertility-related stress given its relationship with increased susceptibility to stress. This study aimed to investigate the association of infertility-related stress with QoL among infertile women with PCOS, and to evaluate whether body mass index (BMI) modifies this association. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 306 participants recruited from the infertility outpatient clinic. A self-administered, structured questionnaire including COMPI Fertility Problem Stress Scale (COMPI-FPSS) and the modified PCOS health-related QoL questionnaire (MPCOSQ) was conducted in this study. The moderation model was conducted by the PROCESS macro using SPSS. RESULTS: The mean score of QoL was 142.67 (SD = 20.11), ranged from 93 to 183 (theoretical range = 30-210). QoL was negatively associated with infertility-related stress (r = -0.373, P < 0.001). Moderation analysis indicated that the interaction term between infertility-related stress and BMI significantly predicted QoL (ß = -0.154, P = 0.005, f2 = 0.03) as well as emotional disturbance (ß = -0.170, P = 0.002, f2 = 0.04). Specifically, higher BMI significantly exacerbated the effect of infertility-related stress on QoL and emotional disturbance. CONCLUSION: Infertile women with PCOS experienced poor QoL. The moderation role of BMI provides a better understanding of individual difference in relationship between infertility-related stress and QoL. Interventions aiming to improve QoL among infertile women with PCOS should focus on alleviating infertility-related stress, especially among women with high BMI.

Campylobacter jejuni Developed the Resistance to Bacteriophage CP39 by Phase Variable Expression of 06875 Encoding the CGPTase.

Bacteriophage (phage) is regarded as an antimicrobial alternative for Campylobacter in food production. However, the development of phage resistance to the host is a main concern for the phage application. This study characterized the phage CP39 and investigated the phage resistance of CP39 in Campylobacter jejuni NCTC12662. We determined that phage CP39 belonged to the Myoviridae family by the WGS and phylogenetic analysis. Phage CP39 was confirmed as a capsular polysaccharide (CPS)-dependent phage by primary C. jejuni phage typing. It was further confirmed that the phage could not be adsorbed by the acapsular mutant ΔkpsM but showed the same lytic ability in both the wild-type strain NCTC 12662 and the ΔmotA mutant lacking motile flagella filaments. We further determined that the 06875 gene encoding CDP-glycerol:poly (glycerophosphate) glycerophosphotransferase (CGPTase) in the CPS loci was related to phage CP39 adsorption by SNP analysis and observed a rapid development of phage resistance in NCTC 12662 during the phage infection. Furthermore, we observed a high mutation frequency of 06875 (32%), which randomly occurred in nine different sites in the gene according to colony PCR sequencing. The mutation of the 06875 gene could cause the phase variable expression of non-functional protein and allow the bacteria against the phage infection by modifying the CPS. Our study confirmed the 06875 gene responsible for the CPS-phage adsorption for the first time and demonstrated the phase variable expression as a main mechanism for the bacteria to defend phage CP39. Our study provided knowledge for the evolutionary adaption of bacteria against the bacteriophage, which could add more information to understand the phage resistance mechanism before applying in the industry.

Association of Preeclampsia and Perinatal Complications With Offspring Neurodevelopmental and Psychiatric Disorders.

Importance: Maternal preeclampsia has been reported to increase the risk of autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and intellectual disability in offspring. However, the association between maternal preeclampsia combined with perinatal complications and neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in offspring is less well documented. Objective: To examine the association of maternal preeclampsia, separately and together with perinatal complications, with neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in offspring. Design, Setting, and Participants: This population-based cohort study used data from nationwide registries in Finland to assess all singleton live births (N = 1 012 723) between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 2014. Offspring were followed up until December 31, 2018 (when the oldest reached age 22 years). Exclusion criteria were maternal inpatient psychiatric diagnoses and pregestational diabetes. The study and data analysis were conducted from May 1, 2020, to June 1, 2021. Exposures: Preeclampsia and perinatal complications (delivery earlier than 34 weeks' gestation and/or small for gestational age). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcomes were neurodevelopmental and psychiatric diagnoses and dispensation of psychotropic drugs among offspring until December 31, 2018. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed to assess the associations. Results: Of 1 012 723 singleton live births (51.1% boys; mean [SD] maternal age at birth, 30.0 [5.4] years; specific data on race and ethnicity were not available in the data set), 21 010 children (2.1%) were exposed to preeclampsia alone, 33 625 children (3.3%) were exposed to perinatal complications alone, and 4891 children (0.5%) were exposed to both preeclampsia and perinatal complications. A total of 93 281 children (9.2%) were diagnosed with a neurodevelopmental or psychiatric disorder. Offspring exposed to both preeclampsia and perinatal complications had an increased risk of any neurodevelopmental or psychiatric disorder after adjusting for potential confounding (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.11; 95% CI, 1.96-2.26) compared with those not exposed to either preeclampsia or perinatal complications; this risk was higher than exposure to either preeclampsia alone (aHR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.12-1.23) or perinatal complications alone (aHR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.72-1.82). Sibling pair analyses did not detect any increase in the risk of neurodevelopmental or psychiatric disorders after exposure to preeclampsia alone, but offspring exposed to both preeclampsia and perinatal complications had increased risks of intellectual disabilities (aHR, 3.24; 95% CI, 1.05-10.06), specific developmental disorders (aHR, 3.56; 95% CI, 2.35-5.41), ADHD and conduct disorders (aHR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.09-5.39), and other behavioral and emotional disorders (aHR, 2.45; 95% CI, 1.17-5.13). The risk estimates for specific developmental disorders (aHR, 2.82; 95% CI, 2.60-3.05) and ADHD and conduct disorders (aHR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.65-2.14) were higher among offspring exposed to both preeclampsia and perinatal complications compared with those exposed to perinatal complications alone (aHR, 2.26 [95% CI, 2.18-2.33] and 1.60 [95% CI, 1.52-1.68], respectively). Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, exposure to both maternal preeclampsia and perinatal complications was associated with intellectual disabilities, specific developmental disorders, ADHD and conduct disorders, and other behavioral and emotional disorders in offspring. For specific developmental disorders and ADHD and conduct disorders, the risk estimates were higher among offspring exposed to both preeclampsia and perinatal complications compared with those exposed to perinatal complications only.

Real-time batch inspection system for surface defects on circular optical filters.

Optical filters, one of the essential parts of many optical instruments, are used to select a specific radiation band of optical devices. There are specifications for the surface quality of the optical filter in order to ensure the instrument's regular operation. The traditional machine learning techniques for examining the optical filter surface quality mentioned in the current studies primarily rely on the manual extraction of feature data, which restricts their ability to detect optical filter surfaces with multiple defects. In order to solve the problems of low detection efficiency and poor detection accuracy caused by defects too minor and too numerous types of defects, this paper proposes a real-time batch optical filter surface quality inspection method based on deep learning and image processing techniques. The first part proposes an optical filter surface defect detection and identification method for seven typical defects. A deep learning model is trained for defect detection and recognition by constructing a dataset. The second part uses image processing techniques to locate the accurate position of the defect, determine whether the defect is located within the effective aperture, and analyze the critical eigenvalue data of the defect. The experimental results show that the method improves productivity and product quality and reduces the manual workload by 90%. The proposed model and method also compare the results of surface defect detection with the actual measurement data in the field, verifying that the method has good recognition accuracy while improving efficiency.

Automatic optical inspection platform for real-time surface defects detection on plane optical components based on semantic segmentation.

The tendency to increase the accuracy and quality of optical parts inspection can be observed all over the world. The imperfection of manufacturing techniques can cause different defects on the optical component surface, making surface defects inspection a crucial part of the manufacturing of optical components. Currently, the inspection of lenses, filters, mirrors, and other optical components is performed by human inspectors. However, human-based inspections are time-consuming, subjective, and incompatible with a highly efficient high-quality digital workflow. Moreover, they cannot meet the complex criteria of ISO 10110-7 for the quality pass and fail optical element samples. To meet the high demand for high-quality products, intelligent visual inspection systems are being used in many manufacturing processes. Automated surface imperfection detection based on machine learning has become a fascinating and promising area of research, with a great direct impact on different visual inspection applications. In this paper, an optical inspection platform combining parallel deep learning-based image-processing approaches with a high-resolution optomechanical module was developed to detect surface defects on optical plane components. The system involves the mechanical modules, the illumination and imaging modules, and the machine vision algorithm. Dark-field images were acquired using a 2448×2048-pixel line-scanning CMOS camera with 3.45 µm per-pixel resolution. Convolutional neural networks and semantic segmentation were used for a machine vision algorithm to detect and classify defects on captured images of optical bandpass filters. The experimental results on different bandpass filter samples have shown the best performance compared to traditional methods by reaching an impressive detection speed of 0.07 s per image and an overall detection pixel accuracy of 0.923.

No association of cigarette smoking and depressive symptoms with cortisol concentration in adolescents. Results from a population-based Swedish cohort.

Several studies have shown that smoking increases the risk of depressive symptoms, and suggested a possible role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the smoking-depression pathway. This study aimed to assess if smokers have higher cortisol levels than non-smokers, and if higher cortisol levels are associated with depressive symptoms. Saliva samples were collected from a subgroup of 409 participants at enrolment (13-14 years old) and two years later (15-16 years old). First, we examined the association between smoking phenotypes and cortisol concentration. Second, we evaluated whether these associations differed between adolescents with and without depressive symptoms. The mean difference between smokers and non-smokers in cortisol concentrations was close to zero at both time points. For instance, the adjusted mean difference for morning cortisol concentration between current and non-current smokers was 0.000 µg/dl [95% CI -0.055, 0.056]. In addition, there were no differences in cortisol concentration at the second time-point between those who had smoked and those who did not during the two previous years. Moreover, cortisol levels were not associated with depressive symptoms. The hypothesis that dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis might be involved in the association between smoking behavior and depressive symptoms during adolescence was not supported by this data.